TAMIL GRAMMARS BY EUROPEAN MISSIONARIES: A SOCIO-HISTORICAL STUDY

There is a difference between the meanings of a grammar in Tamil and European languages. The Tamil noun ilakkaṇam refers to more than letters and literatures. It defines and describes how a language should be spoken, written, developed and communicated. It includes various characteristics, symbols and elegance. Its basic elements consist of eluttu (‘letter’ col(‘word’), porul (‘content, meaning’), yappu (‘compilation’) and ani (‘decoration’). Each of these five elements have much nuanced subdivisions. Tamil is also diglossic: the centamil(‘chaste Tamil’) used to write formal texts or to deliver formal speeches. On the other hand, the vaṭṭara tamil (‘Regional, local Tamil’) is normally spoken; each of these two forms possesses its own grammar. While the former is fairly standardized, the latter has numerous variations reflecting geographical locations, social conditions and other factors of the speakers. The Grammatica Damulica, the main subject of this essay, was meant to teach chaste Tamil to Europeans; however, its words, meanings and examples reflect the regional Tamil spoken by the fishing communities on the Fishery Coast. Latin grammar normally begins with introducing alphabets and their sounds. Secondly, they describe inflections: nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined. Different types of conjugations are elaborated. Thirdly, importance is given to particles, especially to adverbs, prepositions and interjections. Fourthly, the methods of forming words (nouns and adjectives, verbs and adverbs, and compounds) follow. Fifthly, syntax takes the most central place in Latin grammar. This section deals with various types of sentences; the position of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections in simple and complex sentences are introduced and expanded. Ever since the Christian Church from the western parts of the Roman Empire spread into Europe, Latin was the preferred language of the educated classes in Europe. Particularly, the Carolingian Kings from the ninth century onwards promoted the study of various subjects in Latin. At that time, the study of national or vernacular languages such as....